According to 99Strategy, the Global Microwave Dielectric Ceramics Market is estimated to reach xxx million USD in 2021 and projected to grow at the CAGR of xx% during the 2022-2027. The report analyses the global Microwave Dielectric Ceramics market, the market size and growth, as well as the major market participants. The analysis includes market size, upstream situation, market segmentation, market segmentation, price & cost and industry environment. In addition, the report outlines the factors driving industry growth and the description of market channels.The report begins from overview of industrial chain structure, and describes the upstream. Besides, the report analyses market size and forecast in different geographies, type and end-use segment, in addition, the report introduces market competition overview among the major companies and companies profiles, besides, market price and channel features are covered in the report. Key Regions Asia Pacific North America Europe South America Middle East & Africa Key Companies Murata KYOCERA TDK ROGERS Guangdong Fenghua Advanced Technology Tatfook DSBJ CeramTec CoorsTek Key Product Type Low Dielectric Constant Type Intermediary Dielectric Constant Type High Dielectric Constant Type Market by Application Mobile Communication Radar Satellite Positioning Others Main Aspects covered in the Report Overview of the Microwave Dielectric Ceramics market including production, consumption, status & forecast and market growth 2017-2021 historical data and 2022-2027 market forecast Geographical analysis including major countries Overview the product type market including development Overview the end-user market including development
Table of Content 1 Industrial Chain Overview 1.1 Microwave Dielectric Ceramics Industry 1.1.1 Overview Figure Microwave Dielectric Ceramics Picture List 1.1.2 Characteristics of Microwave Dielectric Ceramics 1.2 Upstream 1.2.1 Major Materials 1.2.2 Manufacturing Overview 1.3 Product List By Type 1.3.1 Low Dielectric Constant Type 1.3.2 Intermediary Dielectric Constant Type 1.3.3 High Dielectric Constant Type 1.4 End-Use List 1.4.1 Demand in Mobile Communication 1.4.2 Demand in Radar 1.4.3 Demand in Satellite Positioning 1.4.4 Demand in Others 1.5 Global Market Overview 1.5.1 Global Market Size and Forecast, 2017-2027 Figure Global Market Size and Forecast with Growth Rate, 2017-2027 1.5.2 Global Market Size and Forecast by Geography with CAGR, 2017-2027 Table Global Market Size and Forecast by Geography with Growth Rate, 2017-2027 1.5.3 Global Market Size and Forecast by Product Type with CAGR, 2017-2027 Table Global Market Size and Forecast by Type with Growth Rate, 2017-2027 1.5.4 Global Market Size and Forecast by End-Use with CAGR, 2017-2027 Table Global Market Size and Forecast by End-Use with Growth Rate, 2017-2027 2 Global Production & Consumption by Geography 2.1 Global Production & Consumption 2.1.1 Global Production Figure Global Production Volume Status and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Volume Table Global Production Volume Status and Growth Rate by Geography, 2017-2021, in Volume Figure Global Production Amount Status and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Million USD Table Global Production Amount Status and Growth Rate by Geography, 2017-2021, in Million USD 2.1.2 Global Consumption Figure Global Market Volume and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Volume Table Global Market Volume and Growth Rate by Geography, 2017-2021, in Volume Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Million USD Table Global Market Amount and Growth Rate by Geography, 2017-2021, in Million USD 2.2 Geographic Production & Consumption 2.2.1 Production 2.2.1.1 Asia-Pacific Figure Asia-Pacific Production Volume Status and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Volume Table Asia-Pacific Production Volume Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Volume Figure Asia-Pacific Production Amount Status and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Million USD Table Asia-Pacific Production Amount Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Million USD 2.2.1.2 North America Figure North America Production Volume Status and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Volume Table North America Production Volume Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Volume Figure North America Production Amount Status and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Million USD Table North America Production Amount Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Million USD 2.2.1.3 South America Figure South America Production Volume Status and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Volume Table South America Production Volume Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Volume Figure South America Production Amount Status and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Million USD Table South America Production Amount Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Million USD 2.2.1.4 Europe Figure Europe Production Volume Status and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Volume Table Europe Production Volume Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Volume Figure Europe Production Amount Status and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Million USD Table Europe Production Amount Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Million USD 2.2.1.5 Middle East & Africa Figure Middle East & Africa Production Volume Status and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Volume Table Middle East & Africa Production Volume Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Volume Figure Middle East & Africa Production Amount Status and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Million USD Table Middle East & Africa Production Amount Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Million USD 2.2.2 Consumption 2.2.2.1 Asia-Pacific Figure Asia-Pacific Market Volume and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Volume Table Asia-Pacific Market Volume and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Volume Figure Asia-Pacific Market Amount and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Million USD Table Asia-Pacific Market Amount and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Million USD 2.2.2.2 North America Figure North America Market Volume and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Volume Table North America Market Volume and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Volume Figure North America Market Amount and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Million USD Table North America Market Amount and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Million USD 2.2.2.3 South America Figure South America Market Volume and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Volume Table South America Market Volume and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Volume Figure South America Market Amount and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Million USD Table South America Market Amount and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Million USD 2.2.2.4 Europe Figure Europe Market Volume and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Volume Table Europe Market Volume and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Volume Figure Europe Market Amount and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Million USD Table Europe Market Amount and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Million USD 2.2.2.5 Middle East & Africa Figure Middle East & Africa Market Volume and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Volume Table Middle East & Africa Market Volume and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Volume Figure Middle East & Africa Market Amount and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Million USD Table Middle East & Africa Market Amount and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Million USD 3 Major Manufacturers Introduction 3.1 Manufacturers Overview Table Major Manufacturers Headquarters and Contact Information Table Major Manufacturers Capacity List in 2021 3.2 Manufacturers List 3.2.1 Murata Overview Table Murata Overview List 3.2.1.1 Product Specifications 3.2.1.2 Business Data (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Margin) Table Microwave Dielectric Ceramics Business Operation of Murata (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin) 3.2.1.3 Recent Developments 3.2.1.4 Future Strategic Planning 3.2.2 KYOCERA Overview Table KYOCERA Overview List 3.2.2.1 Product Specifications 3.2.2.2 Business Data (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Margin) Table Microwave Dielectric Ceramics Business Operation of KYOCERA (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin) 3.2.2.3 Recent Developments 3.2.2.4 Future Strategic Planning 3.2.3 TDK Overview Table TDK Overview List 3.2.3.1 Product Specifications 3.2.3.2 Business Data (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Margin) Table Microwave Dielectric Ceramics Business Operation of TDK (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin) 3.2.3.3 Recent Developments 3.2.3.4 Future Strategic Planning 3.2.4 ROGERS Overview Table ROGERS Overview List 3.2.4.1 Product Specifications 3.2.4.2 Business Data (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Margin) Table Microwave Dielectric Ceramics Business Operation of ROGERS (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin) 3.2.4.3 Recent Developments 3.2.4.4 Future Strategic Planning 3.2.5 Guangdong Fenghua Advanced Technology Overview Table Guangdong Fenghua Advanced Technology Overview List 3.2.5.1 Product Specifications 3.2.5.2 Business Data (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Margin) Table Microwave Dielectric Ceramics Business Operation of Guangdong Fenghua Advanced Technology (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin) 3.2.5.3 Recent Developments 3.2.5.4 Future Strategic Planning 3.2.6 Tatfook Overview Table Tatfook Overview List 3.2.6.1 Product Specifications 3.2.6.2 Business Data (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Margin) Table Microwave Dielectric Ceramics Business Operation of Tatfook (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin) 3.2.6.3 Recent Developments 3.2.6.4 Future Strategic Planning 3.2.7 DSBJ Overview Table DSBJ Overview List 3.2.7.1 Product Specifications 3.2.7.2 Business Data (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Margin) Table Microwave Dielectric Ceramics Business Operation of DSBJ (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin) 3.2.7.3 Recent Developments 3.2.7.4 Future Strategic Planning 3.2.8 CeramTec Overview Table CeramTec Overview List 3.2.8.1 Product Specifications 3.2.8.2 Business Data (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Margin) Table Microwave Dielectric Ceramics Business Operation of CeramTec (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin) 3.2.8.3 Recent Developments 3.2.8.4 Future Strategic Planning 3.2.9 CoorsTek Overview Table CoorsTek Overview List 3.2.9.1 Product Specifications 3.2.9.2 Business Data (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Margin) Table Microwave Dielectric Ceramics Business Operation of CoorsTek (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin) 3.2.9.3 Recent Developments 3.2.9.4 Future Strategic Planning 4 Market Competition Pattern 4.1 Market Size and Sketch Figure Global Market Size and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Volume Figure Global Market Size and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Million USD Figure Global Competition Sketch Overview 4.2 Company Market Share 4.2.1 Global Production by Major Manufacturers Table Global Production Volume List by Manufacturers, 2017-2021, in Volume Table Global Production Volume Share List by Manufacturers, 2017-2021, in Volume Figure Global Production Volume Share by Manufacturers in 2021, in Volume Table Global Production Amount List by Manufacturers, 2017-2021, in Million USD Table Global Production Amount Share List by Manufacturers, 2017-2021, in Million USD Figure Global Production Amount Share by Manufacturers in 2021, in Million USD 4.2.2 Market Concentration Analysis 4.3 Market News and Trend 4.3.1 Merger & Acquisition 4.3.2 New Product Launch 5 Product Type Segment 5.1 Global Overview by Product Type Segment Table Global Market Status and Growth Rate by Product Type Segment, 2017-2021, in Million USD Table Global Market Status and Growth Rate by Product Type Segment 2017-2021, in Volume 5.2 Segment Subdivision by Product Type 5.2.1 Market in Low Dielectric Constant Type 5.2.1.1 Market Size Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Low Dielectric Constant Type, 2017-2021, in USD Million Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Low Dielectric Constant Type, 2017-2021, in Volume 5.2.1.2 Situation & Development 5.2.2 Market in Intermediary Dielectric Constant Type 5.2.2.1 Market Size Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Intermediary Dielectric Constant Type, 2017-2021, in USD Million Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Intermediary Dielectric Constant Type, 2017-2021, in Volume 5.2.2.2 Situation & Development 5.2.3 Market in High Dielectric Constant Type 5.2.3.1 Market Size Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in High Dielectric Constant Type, 2017-2021, in USD Million Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in High Dielectric Constant Type, 2017-2021, in Volume 5.2.3.2 Situation & Development 6 End-Use Segment 6.1 Global Overview by End-Use Segment Table Global Market Status and Growth Rate by End-Use Segment, 2017-2021, in Million USD Table Global Market Status and Growth Rate by End-Use Segment 2017-2021, in Volume 6.2 Segment Subdivision 6.2.1 Market in Mobile Communication 6.2.1.1 Market Size Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Mobile Communication, 2017-2021, in USD Million Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Mobile Communication, 2017-2021, in Volume 6.2.1.2 Situation & Development 6.2.2 Market in Radar 6.2.2.1 Market Size Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Radar, 2017-2021, in USD Million Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Radar, 2017-2021, in Volume 6.2.2.2 Situation & Development 6.2.3 Market in Satellite Positioning 6.2.3.1 Market Size Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Satellite Positioning, 2017-2021, in USD Million Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Satellite Positioning, 2017-2021, in Volume 6.2.3.2 Situation & Development 6.2.4 Market in Others 6.2.4.1 Market Size Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Others, 2017-2021, in USD Million Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Others, 2017-2021, in Volume 6.2.4.2 Situation & Development 7 Market Forecast & Trend 7.1 Regional Forecast Table Global Market Forecast by Region Segment 2022-2027, in Million USD Table Global Market Forecast by Region Segment 2022-2027, in Volume 7.2 Consumption Forecast 7.2.1 Product Type Forecast Table Global Market Amount by Product Type Segment 2022-2027, in Million USD Table Global Market Volume by Product Type Segment 2022-2027, in Volume 7.2.2 End-Use Forecast Table Global Market Amount by End-Use Segment 2022-2027, in Million USD Table Global Market Volume by End-Use Segment 2022-2027, in Volume 7.3 Investment Trend 7.4 Consumption Trend 8 Price & Channel 8.1 Price and Cost 8.1.1 Price 8.1.2 Cost Figure Cost Component Ratio 8.2 Channel Segment 9 Market Drivers & Investment Environment 9.1 Market Drivers 9.2 Investment Environment 9.3 Impact of Coronavirus on the Microwave Dielectric Ceramics Industry 9.3.1 Impact on Industry Upstream 9.3.2 Impact on Industry Downstream 9.3.3 Impact on Industry Channels 9.3.4 Impact on Industry Competition 9.3.5 Impact on Industry Employment 10 Research Conclusion
List of Table Table Global Market Size and Forecast by Geography with Growth Rate, 2017-2027 Table Global Market Size and Forecast by Type with Growth Rate, 2017-2027 Table Global Market Size and Forecast by End-Use with Growth Rate, 2017-2027 Table Global Production Volume Status and Growth Rate by Geography, 2017-2021, in Volume Table Global Production Amount Status and Growth Rate by Geography, 2017-2021, in Million USD Table Global Market Volume and Growth Rate by Geography, 2017-2021, in Volume Table Global Market Amount and Growth Rate by Geography, 2017-2021, in Million USD Table Asia-Pacific Production Volume Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Volume Table Asia-Pacific Production Amount Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Million USD Table North America Production Volume Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Volume Table North America Production Amount Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Million USD Table South America Production Volume Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Volume Table South America Production Amount Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Million USD Table Europe Production Volume Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Volume Table Europe Production Amount Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Million USD Table Middle East & Africa Production Volume Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Volume Table Middle East & Africa Production Amount Status and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Million USD Table Asia-Pacific Market Volume and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Volume Table Asia-Pacific Market Amount and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Million USD Table North America Market Volume and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Volume Table North America Market Amount and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Million USD Table South America Market Volume and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Volume Table South America Market Amount and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Million USD Table Europe Market Volume and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Volume Table Europe Market Amount and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Million USD Table Middle East & Africa Market Volume and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Volume Table Middle East & Africa Market Amount and Growth Rate by Region, 2017-2021, in Million USD Table Major Manufacturers Headquarters and Contact Information Table Major Manufacturers Capacity List in 2021 Table Murata Overview List Table Microwave Dielectric Ceramics Business Operation of Murata (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin) Table KYOCERA Overview List Table Microwave Dielectric Ceramics Business Operation of KYOCERA (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin) Table TDK Overview List Table Microwave Dielectric Ceramics Business Operation of TDK (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin) Table ROGERS Overview List Table Microwave Dielectric Ceramics Business Operation of ROGERS (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin) Table Guangdong Fenghua Advanced Technology Overview List Table Microwave Dielectric Ceramics Business Operation of Guangdong Fenghua Advanced Technology (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin) Table Tatfook Overview List Table Microwave Dielectric Ceramics Business Operation of Tatfook (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin) Table DSBJ Overview List Table Microwave Dielectric Ceramics Business Operation of DSBJ (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin) Table CeramTec Overview List Table Microwave Dielectric Ceramics Business Operation of CeramTec (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin) Table CoorsTek Overview List Table Microwave Dielectric Ceramics Business Operation of CoorsTek (Production Volume (Volume), Production Amount (Million USD), Price, Cost, Gross Margin) Table Global Production Volume List by Manufacturers, 2017-2021, in Volume Table Global Production Volume Share List by Manufacturers, 2017-2021, in Volume Table Global Production Amount List by Manufacturers, 2017-2021, in Million USD Table Global Production Amount Share List by Manufacturers, 2017-2021, in Million USD Table Global Market Status and Growth Rate by Product Type Segment, 2017-2021, in Million USD Table Global Market Status and Growth Rate by Product Type Segment 2017-2021, in Volume Table Global Market Status and Growth Rate by End-Use Segment, 2017-2021, in Million USD Table Global Market Status and Growth Rate by End-Use Segment 2017-2021, in Volume Table Global Market Forecast by Region Segment 2022-2027, in Million USD Table Global Market Forecast by Region Segment 2022-2027, in Volume Table Global Market Amount by Product Type Segment 2022-2027, in Million USD Table Global Market Volume by Product Type Segment 2022-2027, in Volume Table Global Market Amount by End-Use Segment 2022-2027, in Million USD Table Global Market Volume by End-Use Segment 2022-2027, in VolumeList of Figure Figure Microwave Dielectric Ceramics Picture List Figure Global Market Size and Forecast with Growth Rate, 2017-2027 Figure Global Production Volume Status and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Volume Figure Global Production Amount Status and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Million USD Figure Global Market Volume and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Volume Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Million USD Figure Asia-Pacific Production Volume Status and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Volume Figure Asia-Pacific Production Amount Status and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Million USD Figure North America Production Volume Status and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Volume Figure North America Production Amount Status and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Million USD Figure South America Production Volume Status and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Volume Figure South America Production Amount Status and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Million USD Figure Europe Production Volume Status and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Volume Figure Europe Production Amount Status and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Million USD Figure Middle East & Africa Production Volume Status and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Volume Figure Middle East & Africa Production Amount Status and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Million USD Figure Asia-Pacific Market Volume and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Volume Figure Asia-Pacific Market Amount and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Million USD Figure North America Market Volume and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Volume Figure North America Market Amount and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Million USD Figure South America Market Volume and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Volume Figure South America Market Amount and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Million USD Figure Europe Market Volume and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Volume Figure Europe Market Amount and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Million USD Figure Middle East & Africa Market Volume and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Volume Figure Middle East & Africa Market Amount and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Million USD Figure Global Market Size and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Volume Figure Global Market Size and Growth Rate, 2017-2021, in Million USD Figure Global Competition Sketch Overview Figure Global Production Volume Share by Manufacturers in 2021, in Volume Figure Global Production Amount Share by Manufacturers in 2021, in Million USD Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Low Dielectric Constant Type, 2017-2021, in USD Million Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Low Dielectric Constant Type, 2017-2021, in Volume Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Intermediary Dielectric Constant Type, 2017-2021, in USD Million Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Intermediary Dielectric Constant Type, 2017-2021, in Volume Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in High Dielectric Constant Type, 2017-2021, in USD Million Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in High Dielectric Constant Type, 2017-2021, in Volume Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Mobile Communication, 2017-2021, in USD Million Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Mobile Communication, 2017-2021, in Volume Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Radar, 2017-2021, in USD Million Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Radar, 2017-2021, in Volume Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Satellite Positioning, 2017-2021, in USD Million Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Satellite Positioning, 2017-2021, in Volume Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Others, 2017-2021, in USD Million Figure Global Market Amount and Growth Rate in Others, 2017-2021, in Volume Figure Cost Component Ratio