1 Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Market Overview
    1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Poly (DL-lactic) Acid
    1.2 Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Segment by Inherent Viscosity
        1.2.1 Global Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Sales Growth Rate Comparison by Inherent Viscosity (2022-2028)
        1.2.2 0.18-0.5 dL/g
        1.2.3 0.5-1.0 dL/g
        1.2.4 Above 1.0 dL/g
    1.3 Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Segment by Application
        1.3.1 Global Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Sales Comparison by Application: (2022-2028)
        1.3.2 Medical Devices and Coating
        1.3.3 Cosmetics
        1.3.4 Others
    1.4 Global Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Market Size Estimates and Forecasts
        1.4.1 Global Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Revenue 2017-2028
        1.4.2 Global Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Sales 2017-2028
        1.4.3 Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Market Size by Region: 2017 Versus 2021 Versus 2028
2 Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Market Competition by Manufacturers
    2.1 Global Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Sales Market Share by Manufacturers (2017-2022)
    2.2 Global Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers (2017-2022)
    2.3 Global Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Average Price by Manufacturers (2017-2022)
    2.4 Manufacturers Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Manufacturing Sites, Area Served, Product Type
    2.5 Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Market Competitive Situation and Trends
        2.5.1 Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Market Concentration Rate
        2.5.2 The Global Top 5 and Top 10 Largest Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Players Market Share by Revenue
        2.5.3 Global Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3)
    2.6 Manufacturers Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
3 Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Retrospective Market Scenario by Region
    3.1 Global Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Retrospective Market Scenario in Sales by Region: 2017-2022
    3.2 Global Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Retrospective Market Scenario in Revenue by Region: 2017-2022
    3.3 North America Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Market Facts & Figures by Country
        3.3.1 North America Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Sales by Country
        3.3.2 North America Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Revenue by Country
        3.3.3 United States
        3.3.4 Canada
    3.4 Europe Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Market Facts & Figures by Country
        3.4.1 Europe Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Sales by Country
        3.4.2 Europe Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Revenue by Country
        3.4.3 Germany
        3.4.4 France
        3.4.5 U.K.
        3.4.6 Italy
        3.4.7 Russia
    3.5 Asia Pacific Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Market Facts & Figures by Region
        3.5.1 Asia Pacific Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Sales by Region
        3.5.2 Asia Pacific Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Revenue by Region
        3.5.3 China
        3.5.4 Japan
        3.5.5 South Korea
        3.5.6 India
        3.5.7 Australia
        3.5.8 China Taiwan
        3.5.9 Indonesia
        3.5.10 Thailand
        3.5.11 Malaysia
    3.6 Latin America Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Market Facts & Figures by Country
        3.6.1 Latin America Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Sales by Country
        3.6.2 Latin America Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Revenue by Country
        3.6.3 Mexico
        3.6.4 Brazil
        3.6.5 Argentina
        3.6.6 Colombia
    3.7 Middle East and Africa Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Market Facts & Figures by Country
        3.7.1 Middle East and Africa Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Sales by Country
        3.7.2 Middle East and Africa Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Revenue by Country
        3.7.3 Turkey
        3.7.4 Saudi Arabia
        3.7.5 UAE
4 Global Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Historic Market Analysis by Inherent Viscosity
    4.1 Global Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Sales Market Share by Inherent Viscosity (2017-2022)
    4.2 Global Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Revenue Market Share by Inherent Viscosity (2017-2022)
    4.3 Global Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Price by Inherent Viscosity (2017-2022)
5 Global Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Historic Market Analysis by Application
    5.1 Global Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2022)
    5.2 Global Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Revenue Market Share by Application (2017-2022)
    5.3 Global Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Price by Application (2017-2022)
6 Key Companies Profiled
    6.1 Musashino Chemical Laboratory
        6.1.1 Musashino Chemical Laboratory Corporation Information
        6.1.2 Musashino Chemical Laboratory Description and Business Overview
        6.1.3 Musashino Chemical Laboratory Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
        6.1.4 Musashino Chemical Laboratory Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Product Portfolio
        6.1.5 Musashino Chemical Laboratory Recent Developments/Updates
    6.2 BMG
        6.2.1 BMG Corporation Information
        6.2.2 BMG Description and Business Overview
        6.2.3 BMG Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
        6.2.4 BMG Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Product Portfolio
        6.2.5 BMG Recent Developments/Updates
    6.3 Polysciences
        6.3.1 Polysciences Corporation Information
        6.3.2 Polysciences Description and Business Overview
        6.3.3 Polysciences Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
        6.3.4 Polysciences Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Product Portfolio
        6.3.5 Polysciences Recent Developments/Updates
    6.4 Dikang Biomedical
        6.4.1 Dikang Biomedical Corporation Information
        6.4.2 Dikang Biomedical Description and Business Overview
        6.4.3 Dikang Biomedical Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
        6.4.4 Dikang Biomedical Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Product Portfolio
        6.4.5 Dikang Biomedical Recent Developments/Updates
    6.5 Haishan Technology
        6.5.1 Haishan Technology Corporation Information
        6.5.2 Haishan Technology Description and Business Overview
        6.5.3 Haishan Technology Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
        6.5.4 Haishan Technology Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Product Portfolio
        6.5.5 Haishan Technology Recent Developments/Updates
    6.6 Shenzhen Polymtek
        6.6.1 Shenzhen Polymtek Corporation Information
        6.6.2 Shenzhen Polymtek Description and Business Overview
        6.6.3 Shenzhen Polymtek Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
        6.6.4 Shenzhen Polymtek Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Product Portfolio
        6.6.5 Shenzhen Polymtek Recent Developments/Updates
7 Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Manufacturing Cost Analysis
    7.1 Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Key Raw Materials Analysis
       7.1.1 Key Raw Materials
       7.1.2 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
    7.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
    7.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Poly (DL-lactic) Acid
    7.4 Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Industrial Chain Analysis
8 Marketing Channel, Distributors and Customers
    8.1 Marketing Channel
    8.2 Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Distributors List
    8.3 Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Customers
9 Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Market Dynamics
    9.1 Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Industry Trends
    9.2 Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Market Drivers
    9.3 Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Market Challenges
    9.4 Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Market Restraints
10 Global Market Forecast
    10.1 Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Market Estimates and Projections by Inherent Viscosity
        10.1.1 Global Forecasted Sales of Poly (DL-lactic) Acid by Inherent Viscosity (2023-2028)
        10.1.2 Global Forecasted Revenue of Poly (DL-lactic) Acid by Inherent Viscosity (2023-2028)
    10.2 Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Market Estimates and Projections by Application
        10.2.1 Global Forecasted Sales of Poly (DL-lactic) Acid by Application (2023-2028)
        10.2.2 Global Forecasted Revenue of Poly (DL-lactic) Acid by Application (2023-2028)
    10.3 Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Market Estimates and Projections by Region
        10.3.1 Global Forecasted Sales of Poly (DL-lactic) Acid by Region (2023-2028)
        10.3.2 Global Forecasted Revenue of Poly (DL-lactic) Acid by Region (2023-2028)
11 Research Finding and Conclusion
12 Methodology and Data Source
    12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
        12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
        12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
        12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
    12.2 Data Source
        12.2.1 Secondary Sources
        12.2.2 Primary Sources
    12.3 Author List
    12.4 Disclaimer
                  
              

                

                 
List of Tables
    Table 1. Global Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Sales Growth Rate Comparison by Inherent Viscosity (2022-2028) & (G) & (US$ Million)
    Table 2. Global Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Sales Growth Rate Comparison by Application (2022-2028) & (G) & (US$ Million)
    Table 3. Global Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Market Size by Region (US$ Million) (2017 VS 2021 VS 2028)
    Table 4. Global Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Market Competitive Situation by Manufacturers in 2021
    Table 5. Global Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Sales (G) of Key Manufacturers (2017-2022)
    Table 6. Global Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Sales Market Share by Manufacturers (2017-2022)
    Table 7. Global Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Revenue (US$ Million) by Manufacturers (2017-2022)
    Table 8. Global Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2017-2022)
    Table 9. Global Market Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Average Price (US$/G) of Key Manufacturers (2017-2022)
    Table 10. Manufacturers Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Manufacturing Sites and Area Served
    Table 11. Manufacturers Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Product Type
    Table 12. Global Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
    Table 13. Global Poly (DL-lactic) Acid by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) (based on the Revenue in Poly (DL-lactic) Acid as of 2021)
    Table 14. Manufacturers Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
    Table 15. Global Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Sales by Region (2017-2022) & (G)
    Table 16. Global Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Sales Market Share by Region (2017-2022)
    Table 17. Global Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Revenue by Region (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
    Table 18. Global Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Revenue Market Share by Region (2017-2022)
    Table 19. North America Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Sales by Country (2017-2022) & (G)
    Table 20. North America Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Sales Market Share by Country (2017-2022)
    Table 21. North America Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Revenue by Country (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
    Table 22. North America Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Revenue Market Share by Country (2017-2022)
    Table 23. Europe Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Sales by Country (2017-2022) & (G)
    Table 24. Europe Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Sales Market Share by Country (2017-2022)
    Table 25. Europe Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Revenue by Country (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
    Table 26. Europe Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Revenue Market Share by Country (2017-2022)
    Table 27. Asia Pacific Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Sales by Region (2017-2022) & (G)
    Table 28. Asia Pacific Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Sales Market Share by Region (2017-2022)
    Table 29. Asia Pacific Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Revenue by Region (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
    Table 30. Asia Pacific Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Revenue Market Share by Region (2017-2022)
    Table 31. Latin America Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Sales by Country (2017-2022) & (G)
    Table 32. Latin America Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Sales Market Share by Country (2017-2022)
    Table 33. Latin America Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Revenue by Country (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
    Table 34. Latin America Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Revenue Market Share by Country (2017-2022)
    Table 35. Middle East and Africa Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Sales by Country (2017-2022) & (G)
    Table 36. Middle East and Africa Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Sales Market Share by Country (2017-2022)
    Table 37. Middle East and Africa Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Revenue by Country (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
    Table 38. Middle East and Africa Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Revenue Market Share by Country (2017-2022)
    Table 39. Global Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Sales by Inherent Viscosity (2017-2022) & (G)
    Table 40. Global Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Sales Market Share by Inherent Viscosity (2017-2022)
    Table 41. Global Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Revenue by Inherent Viscosity (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
    Table 42. Global Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Revenue Share by Inherent Viscosity (2017-2022)
    Table 43. Global Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Price by Inherent Viscosity (2017-2022) & (US$/G)
    Table 44. Global Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Sales (G) by Application (2017-2022)
    Table 45. Global Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2022)
    Table 46. Global Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Revenue by Application (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
    Table 47. Global Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Revenue Share by Application (2017-2022)
    Table 48. Global Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Price by Application (2017-2022) & (US$/G)
    Table 49. Musashino Chemical Laboratory Corporation Information
    Table 50. Musashino Chemical Laboratory Description and Business Overview
    Table 51. Musashino Chemical Laboratory Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Sales (G), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/G) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
    Table 52. Musashino Chemical Laboratory Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Product
    Table 53. Musashino Chemical Laboratory Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 54. BMG Corporation Information
    Table 55. BMG Description and Business Overview
    Table 56. BMG Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Sales (G), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/G) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
    Table 57. BMG Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Product
    Table 58. BMG Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 59. Polysciences Corporation Information
    Table 60. Polysciences Description and Business Overview
    Table 61. Polysciences Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Sales (G), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/G) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
    Table 62. Polysciences Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Product
    Table 63. Polysciences Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 64. Dikang Biomedical Corporation Information
    Table 65. Dikang Biomedical Description and Business Overview
    Table 66. Dikang Biomedical Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Sales (G), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/G) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
    Table 67. Dikang Biomedical Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Product
    Table 68. Dikang Biomedical Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 69. Haishan Technology Corporation Information
    Table 70. Haishan Technology Description and Business Overview
    Table 71. Haishan Technology Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Sales (G), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/G) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
    Table 72. Haishan Technology Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Product
    Table 73. Haishan Technology Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 74. Shenzhen Polymtek Corporation Information
    Table 75. Shenzhen Polymtek Description and Business Overview
    Table 76. Shenzhen Polymtek Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Sales (G), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/G) and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
    Table 77. Shenzhen Polymtek Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Product
    Table 78. Shenzhen Polymtek Recent Developments/Updates
    Table 79. Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
    Table 80. Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
    Table 81. Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Distributors List
    Table 82. Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Customers List
    Table 83. Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Market Trends
    Table 84. Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Market Drivers
    Table 85. Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Market Challenges
    Table 86. Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Market Restraints
    Table 87. Global Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Sales Forecast by Inherent Viscosity (2023-2028) & (G)
    Table 88. Global Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Sales Market Share Forecast by Inherent Viscosity (2023-2028)
    Table 89. Global Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Revenue Forecast by Inherent Viscosity (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
    Table 90. Global Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Revenue Market Share Forecast by Inherent Viscosity (2023-2028)
    Table 91. Global Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Sales Forecast by Application (2023-2028) & (G)
    Table 92. Global Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Sales Market Share Forecast by Application (2023-2028)
    Table 93. Global Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Revenue Forecast by Application (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
    Table 94. Global Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Revenue Market Share Forecast by Application (2023-2028)
    Table 95. Global Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Sales Forecast by Region (2023-2028) & (G)
    Table 96. Global Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Sales Market Share Forecast by Region (2023-2028)
    Table 97. Global Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Revenue Forecast by Region (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
    Table 98. Global Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Revenue Market Share Forecast by Region (2023-2028)
    Table 99. Research Programs/Design for This Report
    Table 100. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
    Table 101. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
    Figure 1. Product Picture of Poly (DL-lactic) Acid
    Figure 2. Global Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Market Share by Inherent Viscosity in 2021 & 2028
    Figure 3. 0.18-0.5 dL/g Product Picture
    Figure 4. 0.5-1.0 dL/g Product Picture
    Figure 5. Above 1.0 dL/g Product Picture
    Figure 6. Global Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Market Share by Application in 2021 & 2028
    Figure 7. Medical Devices and Coating
    Figure 8. Cosmetics
    Figure 9. Others
    Figure 10. Global Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Revenue, (US$ Million), 2017 VS 2021 VS 2028
    Figure 11. Global Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Market Size (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
    Figure 12. Global Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Sales (2017-2028) & (G)
    Figure 13. Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Sales Share by Manufacturers in 2021
    Figure 14. Global Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Revenue Share by Manufacturers in 2021
    Figure 15. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Players: Market Share by Revenue in 2021
    Figure 16. Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3): 2017 VS 2021
    Figure 17. Global Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Sales Market Share by Region (2017-2022)
    Figure 18. Global Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Sales Market Share by Region in 2021
    Figure 19. Global Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Revenue Market Share by Region (2017-2022)
    Figure 20. Global Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Revenue Market Share by Region in 2021
    Figure 21. United States Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Revenue Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
    Figure 22. Canada Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Revenue Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
    Figure 23. Germany Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Revenue Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
    Figure 24. France Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Revenue Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
    Figure 25. U.K. Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Revenue Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
    Figure 26. Italy Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Revenue Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
    Figure 27. Russia Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Revenue Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
    Figure 28. China Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Revenue Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
    Figure 29. Japan Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Revenue Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
    Figure 30. South Korea Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Revenue Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
    Figure 31. India Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Revenue Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
    Figure 32. Australia Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Revenue Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
    Figure 33. China Taiwan Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Revenue Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
    Figure 34. Indonesia Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Revenue Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
    Figure 35. Thailand Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Revenue Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
    Figure 36. Malaysia Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Revenue Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
    Figure 37. Mexico Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Revenue Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
    Figure 38. Brazil Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Revenue Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
    Figure 39. Argentina Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Revenue Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
    Figure 40. Colombia Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Revenue Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
    Figure 41. Turkey Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Revenue Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
    Figure 42. Saudi Arabia Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Revenue Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
    Figure 43. UAE Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Revenue Growth Rate (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
    Figure 44. Sales Market Share of Poly (DL-lactic) Acid by Inherent Viscosity (2017-2022)
    Figure 45. Manufacturing Cost Structure of Poly (DL-lactic) Acid
    Figure 46. Manufacturing Process Analysis of Poly (DL-lactic) Acid
    Figure 47. Poly (DL-lactic) Acid Industrial Chain Analysis
    Figure 48. Channels of Distribution
    Figure 49. Distributors Profiles
    Figure 50. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
    Figure 51. Data Triangulation
    Figure 52. Key Executives Interviewed