The Alternative Energy market report provides a detailed analysis of global market size, regional and country-level market size, segmentation market growth, market share, competitive Landscape, sales analysis, impact of domestic and global market players, value chain optimization, trade regulations, recent developments, opportunities analysis, strategic market growth analysis, product launches, area marketplace expanding, and technological innovations. According to our latest research, the global Alternative Energy size is estimated to be USD xx million in 2026 from USD xx million in 2020, with a change XX% between 2020 and 2021. The global Alternative Energy market size is expected to grow at a CAGR of xx% for the next five years. Market segmentation Alternative Energy market is split by Type and by Application. For the period 2016-2026, the growth among segments provide accurate calculations and forecasts for revenue by Type and by Application. This analysis can help you expand your business by targeting qualified niche markets. Market segment by Type, covers Solar Wind Hydroelectricity Geothermal Biomass Other Market segment by Application, can be divided into Residential Commercial Industrial Transportation Other Market segment by players, this report covers Abengoa Acciona Orano BrightSource Energy Directed Vapor GE Energy Hitachi SCHOTT SEIA Siemens SolarReserve Market segment by regions, regional analysis covers North America (United States, Canada, and Mexico) Europe (Germany, France, UK, Russia, Italy, and Rest of Europe) Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, South Korea, India, Southeast Asia, Australia, and Rest of Asia-Pacific) South America (Brazil, Argentina, Rest of South America) Middle East & Africa (Turkey, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Rest of Middle East & Africa) The content of the study subjects, includes a total of 12 chapters: Chapter 1, to describe Alternative Energy product scope, market overview, market opportunities, market driving force and market risks. Chapter 2, to profile the top players of Alternative Energy, with revenue, gross margin and global market share of Alternative Energy from 2019 to 2021. Chapter 3, the Alternative Energy competitive situation, revenue and global market share of top players are analyzed emphatically by landscape contrast. Chapter 4 and 5, to segment the market size by type and application, with revenue and growth rate by type, application, from 2016 to 2026. Chapter 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10, to break the market size data at the country level, with revenue and market share for key countries in the world, from 2016 to 2021.and Alternative Energy market forecast, by regions, type and application, with revenue, from 2021 to 2026. Chapter 11 and 12, to describe Alternative Energy research findings and conclusion, appendix and data source.
1 Market Overview 1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Alternative Energy 1.2 Classification of Alternative Energy by Type 1.2.1 Overview: Global Alternative Energy Market Size by Type: 2020 Versus 2021 Versus 2026 1.2.2 Global Alternative Energy Revenue Market Share by Type in 2020 1.2.3 Solar 1.2.4 Wind 1.2.5 Hydroelectricity 1.2.6 Geothermal 1.2.7 Biomass 1.2.8 Other 1.3 Global Alternative Energy Market by Application 1.3.1 Overview: Global Alternative Energy Market Size by Application: 2020 Versus 2021 Versus 2026 1.3.2 Residential 1.3.3 Commercial 1.3.4 Industrial 1.3.5 Transportation 1.3.6 Other 1.4 Global Alternative Energy Market Size & Forecast 1.5 Global Alternative Energy Market Size and Forecast by Region 1.5.1 Global Alternative Energy Market Size by Region: 2016 VS 2021 VS 2026 1.5.2 Global Alternative Energy Market Size by Region, (2016-2021) 1.5.3 North America Alternative Energy Market Size and Prospect (2016-2026) 1.5.4 Europe Alternative Energy Market Size and Prospect (2016-2026) 1.5.5 Asia-Pacific Alternative Energy Market Size and Prospect (2016-2026) 1.5.6 South America Alternative Energy Market Size and Prospect (2016-2026) 1.5.7 Middle East and Africa Alternative Energy Market Size and Prospect (2016-2026) 1.6 Market Drivers, Restraints and Trends 1.6.1 Alternative Energy Market Drivers 1.6.2 Alternative Energy Market Restraints 1.6.3 Alternative Energy Trends Analysis 2 Company Profiles 2.1 Abengoa 2.1.1 Abengoa Details 2.1.2 Abengoa Major Business 2.1.3 Abengoa Alternative Energy Product and Solutions 2.1.4 Abengoa Alternative Energy Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021) 2.1.5 Abengoa Recent Developments and Future Plans 2.2 Acciona 2.2.1 Acciona Details 2.2.2 Acciona Major Business 2.2.3 Acciona Alternative Energy Product and Solutions 2.2.4 Acciona Alternative Energy Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021) 2.2.5 Acciona Recent Developments and Future Plans 2.3 Orano 2.3.1 Orano Details 2.3.2 Orano Major Business 2.3.3 Orano Alternative Energy Product and Solutions 2.3.4 Orano Alternative Energy Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021) 2.3.5 Orano Recent Developments and Future Plans 2.4 BrightSource Energy 2.4.1 BrightSource Energy Details 2.4.2 BrightSource Energy Major Business 2.4.3 BrightSource Energy Alternative Energy Product and Solutions 2.4.4 BrightSource Energy Alternative Energy Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021) 2.4.5 BrightSource Energy Recent Developments and Future Plans 2.5 Directed Vapor 2.5.1 Directed Vapor Details 2.5.2 Directed Vapor Major Business 2.5.3 Directed Vapor Alternative Energy Product and Solutions 2.5.4 Directed Vapor Alternative Energy Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021) 2.5.5 Directed Vapor Recent Developments and Future Plans 2.6 GE Energy 2.6.1 GE Energy Details 2.6.2 GE Energy Major Business 2.6.3 GE Energy Alternative Energy Product and Solutions 2.6.4 GE Energy Alternative Energy Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021) 2.6.5 GE Energy Recent Developments and Future Plans 2.7 Hitachi 2.7.1 Hitachi Details 2.7.2 Hitachi Major Business 2.7.3 Hitachi Alternative Energy Product and Solutions 2.7.4 Hitachi Alternative Energy Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021) 2.7.5 Hitachi Recent Developments and Future Plans 2.8 SCHOTT 2.8.1 SCHOTT Details 2.8.2 SCHOTT Major Business 2.8.3 SCHOTT Alternative Energy Product and Solutions 2.8.4 SCHOTT Alternative Energy Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021) 2.8.5 SCHOTT Recent Developments and Future Plans 2.9 SEIA 2.9.1 SEIA Details 2.9.2 SEIA Major Business 2.9.3 SEIA Alternative Energy Product and Solutions 2.9.4 SEIA Alternative Energy Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021) 2.9.5 SEIA Recent Developments and Future Plans 2.10 Siemens 2.10.1 Siemens Details 2.10.2 Siemens Major Business 2.10.3 Siemens Alternative Energy Product and Solutions 2.10.4 Siemens Alternative Energy Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021) 2.10.5 Siemens Recent Developments and Future Plans 2.11 SolarReserve 2.11.1 SolarReserve Details 2.11.2 SolarReserve Major Business 2.11.3 SolarReserve Alternative Energy Product and Solutions 2.11.4 SolarReserve Alternative Energy Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021) 2.11.5 SolarReserve Recent Developments and Future Plans 3 Market Competition, by Players 3.1 Global Alternative Energy Revenue and Share by Players (2019-2021) 3.2 Market Concentration Rate 3.2.1 Top 3 Alternative Energy Players Market Share 3.2.2 Top 10 Alternative Energy Players Market Share 3.2.3 Market Competition Trend 3.3 Alternative Energy Players Head Office, Products and Services Provided 3.4 Mergers & Acquisitions 3.5 New Entrants and Expansion Plans 4 Market Size Segment by Type 4.1 Global Alternative Energy Revenue and Market Share by Type (2016-2021) 4.2 Global Alternative Energy Market Forecast by Type (2021-2026) 5 Market Size Segment by Application 5.1 Global Alternative Energy Revenue Market Share by Application (2016-2021) 5.2 Alternative Energy Market Forecast by Application (2021-2026) 6 North America by Country, by Type, and by Application 6.1 North America Alternative Energy Revenue by Type (2016-2026) 6.2 North America Alternative Energy Revenue by Application (2016-2026) 6.3 North America Alternative Energy Market Size by Country 6.3.1 North America Alternative Energy Revenue by Country (2016-2026) 6.3.2 United States Alternative Energy Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026) 6.3.3 Canada Alternative Energy Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026) 6.3.4 Mexico Alternative Energy Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026) 7 Europe by Country, by Type, and by Application 7.1 Europe Alternative Energy Revenue by Type (2016-2026) 7.2 Europe Alternative Energy Revenue by Application (2016-2026) 7.3 Europe Alternative Energy Market Size by Country 7.3.1 Europe Alternative Energy Revenue by Country (2016-2026) 7.3.2 Germany Alternative Energy Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026) 7.3.3 France Alternative Energy Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026) 7.3.4 United Kingdom Alternative Energy Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026) 7.3.5 Russia Alternative Energy Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026) 7.3.6 Italy Alternative Energy Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026) 8 Asia-Pacific by Region, by Type, and by Application 8.1 Asia-Pacific Alternative Energy Revenue by Type (2016-2026) 8.2 Asia-Pacific Alternative Energy Revenue by Application (2016-2026) 8.3 Asia-Pacific Alternative Energy Market Size by Region 8.3.1 Asia-Pacific Alternative Energy Revenue by Region (2016-2026) 8.3.2 China Alternative Energy Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026) 8.3.3 Japan Alternative Energy Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026) 8.3.4 South Korea Alternative Energy Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026) 8.3.5 India Alternative Energy Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026) 8.3.6 Southeast Asia Alternative Energy Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026) 8.3.7 Australia Alternative Energy Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026) 9 South America by Country, by Type, and by Application 9.1 South America Alternative Energy Revenue by Type (2016-2026) 9.2 South America Alternative Energy Revenue by Application (2016-2026) 9.3 South America Alternative Energy Market Size by Country 9.3.1 South America Alternative Energy Revenue by Country (2016-2026) 9.3.2 Brazil Alternative Energy Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026) 9.3.3 Argentina Alternative Energy Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026) 10 Middle East & Africa by Country, by Type, and by Application 10.1 Middle East & Africa Alternative Energy Revenue by Type (2016-2026) 10.2 Middle East & Africa Alternative Energy Revenue by Application (2016-2026) 10.3 Middle East & Africa Alternative Energy Market Size by Country 10.3.1 Middle East & Africa Alternative Energy Revenue by Country (2016-2026) 10.3.2 Turkey Alternative Energy Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026) 10.3.3 Saudi Arabia Alternative Energy Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026) 10.3.4 UAE Alternative Energy Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026) 11 Research Findings and Conclusion 12 Appendix 12.1 Methodology 12.2 Research Process and Data Source 12.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables Table 1. Global Alternative Energy Revenue by Type, (USD Million), 2020 VS 2021 VS 2026 Table 2. Global Alternative Energy Revenue by Application, (USD Million), 2020 VS 2021 VS 2026 Table 3. Global Market Alternative Energy Revenue (Million USD) Comparison by Region (2016 VS 2021 VS 2026) Table 4. Global Alternative Energy Revenue (USD Million) by Region (2016-2021) Table 5. Global Alternative Energy Revenue Market Share by Region (2021-2026) Table 6. Abengoa Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors Table 7. Abengoa Major Business Table 8. Abengoa Alternative Energy Product and Solutions Table 9. Abengoa Alternative Energy Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021) Table 10. Acciona Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors Table 11. Acciona Major Business Table 12. Acciona Alternative Energy Product and Solutions Table 13. Acciona Alternative Energy Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021) Table 14. Orano Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors Table 15. Orano Major Business Table 16. Orano Alternative Energy Product and Solutions Table 17. Orano Alternative Energy Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021) Table 18. BrightSource Energy Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors Table 19. BrightSource Energy Major Business Table 20. BrightSource Energy Alternative Energy Product and Solutions Table 21. BrightSource Energy Alternative Energy Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021) Table 22. Directed Vapor Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors Table 23. Directed Vapor Major Business Table 24. Directed Vapor Alternative Energy Product and Solutions Table 25. Directed Vapor Alternative Energy Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021) Table 26. GE Energy Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors Table 27. GE Energy Major Business Table 28. GE Energy Alternative Energy Product and Solutions Table 29. GE Energy Alternative Energy Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021) Table 30. Hitachi Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors Table 31. Hitachi Major Business Table 32. Hitachi Alternative Energy Product and Solutions Table 33. Hitachi Alternative Energy Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021) Table 34. SCHOTT Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors Table 35. SCHOTT Major Business Table 36. SCHOTT Alternative Energy Product and Solutions Table 37. SCHOTT Alternative Energy Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021) Table 38. SEIA Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors Table 39. SEIA Major Business Table 40. SEIA Alternative Energy Product and Solutions Table 41. SEIA Alternative Energy Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021) Table 42. Siemens Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors Table 43. Siemens Major Business Table 44. Siemens Alternative Energy Product and Solutions Table 45. Siemens Alternative Energy Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021) Table 46. SolarReserve Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors Table 47. SolarReserve Major Business Table 48. SolarReserve Alternative Energy Product and Solutions Table 49. SolarReserve Alternative Energy Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021) Table 50. Global Alternative Energy Revenue (USD Million) by Players (2019-2021) Table 51. Global Alternative Energy Revenue Share by Players (2019-2021) Table 52. Breakdown of Alternative Energy by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) Table 53. Alternative Energy Players Head Office, Products and Services Provided Table 54. Alternative Energy Mergers & Acquisitions in the Past Five Years Table 55. Alternative Energy New Entrants and Expansion Plans Table 56. Global Alternative Energy Revenue (USD Million) by Type (2016-2021) Table 57. Global Alternative Energy Revenue Share by Type (2016-2021) Table 58. Global Alternative Energy Revenue Forecast by Type (2021-2026) Table 59. Global Alternative Energy Revenue by Application (2016-2021) Table 60. Global Alternative Energy Revenue Forecast by Application (2021-2026) Table 61. North America Alternative Energy Revenue by Type (2016-2021) & (USD Million) Table 62. North America Alternative Energy Revenue by Type (2021-2026) & (USD Million) Table 63. North America Alternative Energy Revenue by Application (2016-2021) & (USD Million) Table 64. North America Alternative Energy Revenue by Application (2021-2026) & (USD Million) Table 65. North America Alternative Energy Revenue by Country (2016-2021) & (USD Million) Table 66. North America Alternative Energy Revenue by Country (2021-2026) & (USD Million) Table 67. Europe Alternative Energy Revenue by Type (2016-2021) & (USD Million) Table 68. Europe Alternative Energy Revenue by Type (2021-2026) & (USD Million) Table 69. Europe Alternative Energy Revenue by Application (2016-2021) & (USD Million) Table 70. Europe Alternative Energy Revenue by Application (2021-2026) & (USD Million) Table 71. Europe Alternative Energy Revenue by Country (2016-2021) & (USD Million) Table 72. Europe Alternative Energy Revenue by Country (2021-2026) & (USD Million) Table 73. Asia-Pacific Alternative Energy Revenue by Type (2016-2021) & (USD Million) Table 74. Asia-Pacific Alternative Energy Revenue by Type (2021-2026) & (USD Million) Table 75. Asia-Pacific Alternative Energy Revenue by Application (2016-2021) & (USD Million) Table 76. Asia-Pacific Alternative Energy Revenue by Application (2021-2026) & (USD Million) Table 77. Asia-Pacific Alternative Energy Revenue by Region (2016-2021) & (USD Million) Table 78. Asia-Pacific Alternative Energy Revenue by Region (2021-2026) & (USD Million) Table 79. South America Alternative Energy Revenue by Type (2016-2021) & (USD Million) Table 80. South America Alternative Energy Revenue by Type (2021-2026) & (USD Million) Table 81. South America Alternative Energy Revenue by Application (2016-2021) & (USD Million) Table 82. South America Alternative Energy Revenue by Application (2021-2026) & (USD Million) Table 83. South America Alternative Energy Revenue by Country (2016-2021) & (USD Million) Table 84. South America Alternative Energy Revenue by Country (2021-2026) & (USD Million) Table 85. Middle East & Africa Alternative Energy Revenue by Type (2016-2021) & (USD Million) Table 86. Middle East & Africa Alternative Energy Revenue by Type (2021-2026) & (USD Million) Table 87. Middle East & Africa Alternative Energy Revenue by Application (2016-2021) & (USD Million) Table 88. Middle East & Africa Alternative Energy Revenue by Application (2021-2026) & (USD Million) Table 89. Middle East & Africa Alternative Energy Revenue by Country (2016-2021) & (USD Million) Table 90. Middle East & Africa Alternative Energy Revenue by Country (2021-2026) & (USD Million) List of Figures Figure 1. Alternative Energy Picture Figure 2. Global Alternative Energy Revenue Market Share by Type in 2020 Figure 3. Solar Figure 4. Wind Figure 5. Hydroelectricity Figure 6. Geothermal Figure 7. Biomass Figure 8. Other Figure 9. Alternative Energy Revenue Market Share by Application in 2020 Figure 10. Residential Picture Figure 11. Commercial Picture Figure 12. Industrial Picture Figure 13. Transportation Picture Figure 14. Other Picture Figure 15. Global Alternative Energy Revenue, (USD Million): 2020 VS 2021 VS 2026 Figure 16. Global Alternative Energy Revenue and Forecast (2016-2026) & (USD Million) Figure 17. Global Alternative Energy Revenue Market Share by Region (2016-2026) Figure 18. Global Alternative Energy Revenue Market Share by Region in 2020 Figure 19. North America Alternative Energy Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2026) Figure 20. Europe Alternative Energy Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2026) Figure 21. Asia-Pacific Alternative Energy Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2026) Figure 22. South America Alternative Energy Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2026) Figure 23. Middle East and Africa Alternative Energy Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2026) Figure 24. Alternative Energy Market Drivers Figure 25. Alternative Energy Market Restraints Figure 26. Alternative Energy Market Trends Figure 27. Abengoa Recent Developments and Future Plans Figure 28. Acciona Recent Developments and Future Plans Figure 29. Orano Recent Developments and Future Plans Figure 30. BrightSource Energy Recent Developments and Future Plans Figure 31. Directed Vapor Recent Developments and Future Plans Figure 32. GE Energy Recent Developments and Future Plans Figure 33. Hitachi Recent Developments and Future Plans Figure 34. SCHOTT Recent Developments and Future Plans Figure 35. SEIA Recent Developments and Future Plans Figure 36. Siemens Recent Developments and Future Plans Figure 37. SolarReserve Recent Developments and Future Plans Figure 38. Global Alternative Energy Revenue Share by Players in 2020 Figure 39. Alternative Energy Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) Figure 40. Global Top 3 Players Alternative Energy Revenue Market Share in 2020 Figure 41. Global Top 10 Players Alternative Energy Revenue Market Share in 2020 Figure 42. Key Players Market Share Trend (Top 3 Market Share: 2019 VS 2020 VS 2021) Figure 43. Global Alternative Energy Revenue Share by Type in 2020 Figure 44. Global Alternative Energy Market Share Forecast by Type (2021-2026) Figure 45. Global Alternative Energy Revenue Share by Application in 2020 Figure 46. Global Alternative Energy Market Share Forecast by Application (2021-2026) Figure 47. North America Alternative Energy Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2026) Figure 48. North America Alternative Energy Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2026) Figure 49. North America Alternative Energy Revenue Market Share by Country (2016-2026) Figure 50. United States Alternative Energy Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million) Figure 51. Canada Alternative Energy Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million) Figure 52. Mexico Alternative Energy Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million) Figure 53. Europe Alternative Energy Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2026) Figure 54. Europe Alternative Energy Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2026) Figure 55. Europe Alternative Energy Revenue Market Share by Country (2016-2026) Figure 56. Germany Alternative Energy Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million) Figure 57. France Alternative Energy Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million) Figure 58. United Kingdom Alternative Energy Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million) Figure 59. Russia Alternative Energy Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million) Figure 60. Italy Alternative Energy Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million) Figure 61. Asia-Pacific Alternative Energy Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2026) Figure 62. Asia-Pacific Alternative Energy Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2026) Figure 63. Asia-Pacific Alternative Energy Revenue Market Share by Region (2016-2026) Figure 64. China Alternative Energy Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million) Figure 65. Japan Alternative Energy Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million) Figure 66. South Korea Alternative Energy Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million) Figure 67. India Alternative Energy Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million) Figure 68. Southeast Asia Alternative Energy Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million) Figure 69. Australia Alternative Energy Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million) Figure 70. South America Alternative Energy Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2026) Figure 71. South America Alternative Energy Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2026) Figure 72. South America Alternative Energy Revenue Market Share by Country (2016-2026) Figure 73. Brazil Alternative Energy Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million) Figure 74. Argentina Alternative Energy Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million) Figure 75. Middle East and Africa Alternative Energy Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2026) Figure 76. Middle East and Africa Alternative Energy Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2026) Figure 77. Middle East and Africa Alternative Energy Revenue Market Share by Country (2016-2026) Figure 78. Turkey Alternative Energy Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million) Figure 79. Saudi Arabia Alternative Energy Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million) Figure 80. UAE Alternative Energy Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million) Figure 81. Methodology Figure 82. Research Process and Data Source