The Location Analytics Software market report provides a detailed analysis of global market size, regional and country-level market size, segmentation market growth, market share, competitive Landscape, sales analysis, impact of domestic and global market players, value chain optimization, trade regulations, recent developments, opportunities analysis, strategic market growth analysis, product launches, area marketplace expanding, and technological innovations. According to our latest research, the global Location Analytics Software size is estimated to be USD xx million in 2026 from USD xx million in 2020, with a change XX% between 2020 and 2021. The global Location Analytics Software market size is expected to grow at a CAGR of xx% for the next five years. Market segmentation Location Analytics Software market is split by Type and by Application. For the period 2016-2026, the growth among segments provide accurate calculations and forecasts for revenue by Type and by Application. This analysis can help you expand your business by targeting qualified niche markets. Market segment by Type, covers Geocoding and Reverse Geocoding Data Integration and Extract, Transform and Load Reporting and Visualization Thematic Mapping and Spatial Analysis Others Market segment by Application, can be divided into Risk Management Emergency Response Management Customer Experience Management Remote Monitoring Supply Chain Planning and Optimization Sales and Marketing Optimization Predictive Assets Management Inventory Management Others Market segment by players, this report covers IBM Corporation Microsoft Corporation Cisco Systems, Inc. HP Enterprise Company Google Inc. Oracle Corporation SAP SE SAS Institute Inc. Market segment by regions, regional analysis covers North America (United States, Canada, and Mexico) Europe (Germany, France, UK, Russia, Italy, and Rest of Europe) Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, South Korea, India, Southeast Asia, Australia, and Rest of Asia-Pacific) South America (Brazil, Argentina, Rest of South America) Middle East & Africa (Turkey, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Rest of Middle East & Africa) The content of the study subjects, includes a total of 12 chapters: Chapter 1, to describe Location Analytics Software product scope, market overview, market opportunities, market driving force and market risks. Chapter 2, to profile the top players of Location Analytics Software, with revenue, gross margin and global market share of Location Analytics Software from 2019 to 2021. Chapter 3, the Location Analytics Software competitive situation, revenue and global market share of top players are analyzed emphatically by landscape contrast. Chapter 4 and 5, to segment the market size by type and application, with revenue and growth rate by type, application, from 2016 to 2026. Chapter 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10, to break the market size data at the country level, with revenue and market share for key countries in the world, from 2016 to 2021.and Location Analytics Software market forecast, by regions, type and application, with revenue, from 2021 to 2026. Chapter 11 and 12, to describe Location Analytics Software research findings and conclusion, appendix and data source.
1 Market Overview 1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Location Analytics Software 1.2 Classification of Location Analytics Software by Type 1.2.1 Overview: Global Location Analytics Software Market Size by Type: 2020 Versus 2021 Versus 2026 1.2.2 Global Location Analytics Software Revenue Market Share by Type in 2020 1.2.3 Geocoding and Reverse Geocoding 1.2.4 Data Integration and Extract, Transform and Load 1.2.5 Reporting and Visualization 1.2.6 Thematic Mapping and Spatial Analysis 1.2.7 Others 1.3 Global Location Analytics Software Market by Application 1.3.1 Overview: Global Location Analytics Software Market Size by Application: 2020 Versus 2021 Versus 2026 1.3.2 Risk Management 1.3.3 Emergency Response Management 1.3.4 Customer Experience Management 1.3.5 Remote Monitoring 1.3.6 Supply Chain Planning and Optimization 1.3.7 Sales and Marketing Optimization 1.3.8 Predictive Assets Management 1.3.9 Inventory Management 1.3.10 Others 1.4 Global Location Analytics Software Market Size & Forecast 1.5 Global Location Analytics Software Market Size and Forecast by Region 1.5.1 Global Location Analytics Software Market Size by Region: 2016 VS 2021 VS 2026 1.5.2 Global Location Analytics Software Market Size by Region, (2016-2021) 1.5.3 North America Location Analytics Software Market Size and Prospect (2016-2026) 1.5.4 Europe Location Analytics Software Market Size and Prospect (2016-2026) 1.5.5 Asia-Pacific Location Analytics Software Market Size and Prospect (2016-2026) 1.5.6 South America Location Analytics Software Market Size and Prospect (2016-2026) 1.5.7 Middle East and Africa Location Analytics Software Market Size and Prospect (2016-2026) 1.6 Market Drivers, Restraints and Trends 1.6.1 Location Analytics Software Market Drivers 1.6.2 Location Analytics Software Market Restraints 1.6.3 Location Analytics Software Trends Analysis 2 Company Profiles 2.1 IBM Corporation 2.1.1 IBM Corporation Details 2.1.2 IBM Corporation Major Business 2.1.3 IBM Corporation Location Analytics Software Product and Solutions 2.1.4 IBM Corporation Location Analytics Software Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021) 2.1.5 IBM Corporation Recent Developments and Future Plans 2.2 Microsoft Corporation 2.2.1 Microsoft Corporation Details 2.2.2 Microsoft Corporation Major Business 2.2.3 Microsoft Corporation Location Analytics Software Product and Solutions 2.2.4 Microsoft Corporation Location Analytics Software Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021) 2.2.5 Microsoft Corporation Recent Developments and Future Plans 2.3 Cisco Systems, Inc. 2.3.1 Cisco Systems, Inc. Details 2.3.2 Cisco Systems, Inc. Major Business 2.3.3 Cisco Systems, Inc. Location Analytics Software Product and Solutions 2.3.4 Cisco Systems, Inc. Location Analytics Software Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021) 2.3.5 Cisco Systems, Inc. Recent Developments and Future Plans 2.4 HP Enterprise Company 2.4.1 HP Enterprise Company Details 2.4.2 HP Enterprise Company Major Business 2.4.3 HP Enterprise Company Location Analytics Software Product and Solutions 2.4.4 HP Enterprise Company Location Analytics Software Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021) 2.4.5 HP Enterprise Company Recent Developments and Future Plans 2.5 Google Inc. 2.5.1 Google Inc. Details 2.5.2 Google Inc. Major Business 2.5.3 Google Inc. Location Analytics Software Product and Solutions 2.5.4 Google Inc. Location Analytics Software Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021) 2.5.5 Google Inc. Recent Developments and Future Plans 2.6 Oracle Corporation 2.6.1 Oracle Corporation Details 2.6.2 Oracle Corporation Major Business 2.6.3 Oracle Corporation Location Analytics Software Product and Solutions 2.6.4 Oracle Corporation Location Analytics Software Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021) 2.6.5 Oracle Corporation Recent Developments and Future Plans 2.7 SAP SE 2.7.1 SAP SE Details 2.7.2 SAP SE Major Business 2.7.3 SAP SE Location Analytics Software Product and Solutions 2.7.4 SAP SE Location Analytics Software Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021) 2.7.5 SAP SE Recent Developments and Future Plans 2.8 SAS Institute Inc. 2.8.1 SAS Institute Inc. Details 2.8.2 SAS Institute Inc. Major Business 2.8.3 SAS Institute Inc. Location Analytics Software Product and Solutions 2.8.4 SAS Institute Inc. Location Analytics Software Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021) 2.8.5 SAS Institute Inc. Recent Developments and Future Plans 3 Market Competition, by Players 3.1 Global Location Analytics Software Revenue and Share by Players (2019-2021) 3.2 Market Concentration Rate 3.2.1 Top 3 Location Analytics Software Players Market Share 3.2.2 Top 10 Location Analytics Software Players Market Share 3.2.3 Market Competition Trend 3.3 Location Analytics Software Players Head Office, Products and Services Provided 3.4 Mergers & Acquisitions 3.5 New Entrants and Expansion Plans 4 Market Size Segment by Type 4.1 Global Location Analytics Software Revenue and Market Share by Type (2016-2021) 4.2 Global Location Analytics Software Market Forecast by Type (2021-2026) 5 Market Size Segment by Application 5.1 Global Location Analytics Software Revenue Market Share by Application (2016-2021) 5.2 Location Analytics Software Market Forecast by Application (2021-2026) 6 North America by Country, by Type, and by Application 6.1 North America Location Analytics Software Revenue by Type (2016-2026) 6.2 North America Location Analytics Software Revenue by Application (2016-2026) 6.3 North America Location Analytics Software Market Size by Country 6.3.1 North America Location Analytics Software Revenue by Country (2016-2026) 6.3.2 United States Location Analytics Software Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026) 6.3.3 Canada Location Analytics Software Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026) 6.3.4 Mexico Location Analytics Software Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026) 7 Europe by Country, by Type, and by Application 7.1 Europe Location Analytics Software Revenue by Type (2016-2026) 7.2 Europe Location Analytics Software Revenue by Application (2016-2026) 7.3 Europe Location Analytics Software Market Size by Country 7.3.1 Europe Location Analytics Software Revenue by Country (2016-2026) 7.3.2 Germany Location Analytics Software Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026) 7.3.3 France Location Analytics Software Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026) 7.3.4 United Kingdom Location Analytics Software Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026) 7.3.5 Russia Location Analytics Software Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026) 7.3.6 Italy Location Analytics Software Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026) 8 Asia-Pacific by Region, by Type, and by Application 8.1 Asia-Pacific Location Analytics Software Revenue by Type (2016-2026) 8.2 Asia-Pacific Location Analytics Software Revenue by Application (2016-2026) 8.3 Asia-Pacific Location Analytics Software Market Size by Region 8.3.1 Asia-Pacific Location Analytics Software Revenue by Region (2016-2026) 8.3.2 China Location Analytics Software Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026) 8.3.3 Japan Location Analytics Software Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026) 8.3.4 South Korea Location Analytics Software Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026) 8.3.5 India Location Analytics Software Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026) 8.3.6 Southeast Asia Location Analytics Software Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026) 8.3.7 Australia Location Analytics Software Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026) 9 South America by Country, by Type, and by Application 9.1 South America Location Analytics Software Revenue by Type (2016-2026) 9.2 South America Location Analytics Software Revenue by Application (2016-2026) 9.3 South America Location Analytics Software Market Size by Country 9.3.1 South America Location Analytics Software Revenue by Country (2016-2026) 9.3.2 Brazil Location Analytics Software Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026) 9.3.3 Argentina Location Analytics Software Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026) 10 Middle East & Africa by Country, by Type, and by Application 10.1 Middle East & Africa Location Analytics Software Revenue by Type (2016-2026) 10.2 Middle East & Africa Location Analytics Software Revenue by Application (2016-2026) 10.3 Middle East & Africa Location Analytics Software Market Size by Country 10.3.1 Middle East & Africa Location Analytics Software Revenue by Country (2016-2026) 10.3.2 Turkey Location Analytics Software Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026) 10.3.3 Saudi Arabia Location Analytics Software Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026) 10.3.4 UAE Location Analytics Software Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026) 11 Research Findings and Conclusion 12 Appendix 12.1 Methodology 12.2 Research Process and Data Source 12.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables Table 1. Global Location Analytics Software Revenue by Type, (USD Million), 2020 VS 2021 VS 2026 Table 2. Global Location Analytics Software Revenue by Application, (USD Million), 2020 VS 2021 VS 2026 Table 3. Global Market Location Analytics Software Revenue (Million USD) Comparison by Region (2016 VS 2021 VS 2026) Table 4. Global Location Analytics Software Revenue (USD Million) by Region (2016-2021) Table 5. Global Location Analytics Software Revenue Market Share by Region (2021-2026) Table 6. IBM Corporation Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors Table 7. IBM Corporation Major Business Table 8. IBM Corporation Location Analytics Software Product and Solutions Table 9. IBM Corporation Location Analytics Software Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021) Table 10. Microsoft Corporation Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors Table 11. Microsoft Corporation Major Business Table 12. Microsoft Corporation Location Analytics Software Product and Solutions Table 13. Microsoft Corporation Location Analytics Software Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021) Table 14. Cisco Systems, Inc. Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors Table 15. Cisco Systems, Inc. Major Business Table 16. Cisco Systems, Inc. Location Analytics Software Product and Solutions Table 17. Cisco Systems, Inc. Location Analytics Software Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021) Table 18. HP Enterprise Company Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors Table 19. HP Enterprise Company Major Business Table 20. HP Enterprise Company Location Analytics Software Product and Solutions Table 21. HP Enterprise Company Location Analytics Software Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021) Table 22. Google Inc. Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors Table 23. Google Inc. Major Business Table 24. Google Inc. Location Analytics Software Product and Solutions Table 25. Google Inc. Location Analytics Software Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021) Table 26. Oracle Corporation Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors Table 27. Oracle Corporation Major Business Table 28. Oracle Corporation Location Analytics Software Product and Solutions Table 29. Oracle Corporation Location Analytics Software Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021) Table 30. SAP SE Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors Table 31. SAP SE Major Business Table 32. SAP SE Location Analytics Software Product and Solutions Table 33. SAP SE Location Analytics Software Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021) Table 34. SAS Institute Inc. Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors Table 35. SAS Institute Inc. Major Business Table 36. SAS Institute Inc. Location Analytics Software Product and Solutions Table 37. SAS Institute Inc. Location Analytics Software Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021) Table 38. Global Location Analytics Software Revenue (USD Million) by Players (2019-2021) Table 39. Global Location Analytics Software Revenue Share by Players (2019-2021) Table 40. Breakdown of Location Analytics Software by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) Table 41. Location Analytics Software Players Head Office, Products and Services Provided Table 42. Location Analytics Software Mergers & Acquisitions in the Past Five Years Table 43. Location Analytics Software New Entrants and Expansion Plans Table 44. Global Location Analytics Software Revenue (USD Million) by Type (2016-2021) Table 45. Global Location Analytics Software Revenue Share by Type (2016-2021) Table 46. Global Location Analytics Software Revenue Forecast by Type (2021-2026) Table 47. Global Location Analytics Software Revenue by Application (2016-2021) Table 48. Global Location Analytics Software Revenue Forecast by Application (2021-2026) Table 49. North America Location Analytics Software Revenue by Type (2016-2021) & (USD Million) Table 50. North America Location Analytics Software Revenue by Type (2021-2026) & (USD Million) Table 51. North America Location Analytics Software Revenue by Application (2016-2021) & (USD Million) Table 52. North America Location Analytics Software Revenue by Application (2021-2026) & (USD Million) Table 53. North America Location Analytics Software Revenue by Country (2016-2021) & (USD Million) Table 54. North America Location Analytics Software Revenue by Country (2021-2026) & (USD Million) Table 55. Europe Location Analytics Software Revenue by Type (2016-2021) & (USD Million) Table 56. Europe Location Analytics Software Revenue by Type (2021-2026) & (USD Million) Table 57. Europe Location Analytics Software Revenue by Application (2016-2021) & (USD Million) Table 58. Europe Location Analytics Software Revenue by Application (2021-2026) & (USD Million) Table 59. Europe Location Analytics Software Revenue by Country (2016-2021) & (USD Million) Table 60. Europe Location Analytics Software Revenue by Country (2021-2026) & (USD Million) Table 61. Asia-Pacific Location Analytics Software Revenue by Type (2016-2021) & (USD Million) Table 62. Asia-Pacific Location Analytics Software Revenue by Type (2021-2026) & (USD Million) Table 63. Asia-Pacific Location Analytics Software Revenue by Application (2016-2021) & (USD Million) Table 64. Asia-Pacific Location Analytics Software Revenue by Application (2021-2026) & (USD Million) Table 65. Asia-Pacific Location Analytics Software Revenue by Region (2016-2021) & (USD Million) Table 66. Asia-Pacific Location Analytics Software Revenue by Region (2021-2026) & (USD Million) Table 67. South America Location Analytics Software Revenue by Type (2016-2021) & (USD Million) Table 68. South America Location Analytics Software Revenue by Type (2021-2026) & (USD Million) Table 69. South America Location Analytics Software Revenue by Application (2016-2021) & (USD Million) Table 70. South America Location Analytics Software Revenue by Application (2021-2026) & (USD Million) Table 71. South America Location Analytics Software Revenue by Country (2016-2021) & (USD Million) Table 72. South America Location Analytics Software Revenue by Country (2021-2026) & (USD Million) Table 73. Middle East & Africa Location Analytics Software Revenue by Type (2016-2021) & (USD Million) Table 74. Middle East & Africa Location Analytics Software Revenue by Type (2021-2026) & (USD Million) Table 75. Middle East & Africa Location Analytics Software Revenue by Application (2016-2021) & (USD Million) Table 76. Middle East & Africa Location Analytics Software Revenue by Application (2021-2026) & (USD Million) Table 77. Middle East & Africa Location Analytics Software Revenue by Country (2016-2021) & (USD Million) Table 78. Middle East & Africa Location Analytics Software Revenue by Country (2021-2026) & (USD Million) List of Figures Figure 1. Location Analytics Software Picture Figure 2. Global Location Analytics Software Revenue Market Share by Type in 2020 Figure 3. Geocoding and Reverse Geocoding Figure 4. Data Integration and Extract, Transform and Load Figure 5. Reporting and Visualization Figure 6. Thematic Mapping and Spatial Analysis Figure 7. Others Figure 8. Location Analytics Software Revenue Market Share by Application in 2020 Figure 9. Risk Management Picture Figure 10. Emergency Response Management Picture Figure 11. Customer Experience Management Picture Figure 12. Remote Monitoring Picture Figure 13. Supply Chain Planning and Optimization Picture Figure 14. Sales and Marketing Optimization Picture Figure 15. Predictive Assets Management Picture Figure 16. Inventory Management Picture Figure 17. Others Picture Figure 18. Global Location Analytics Software Revenue, (USD Million): 2020 VS 2021 VS 2026 Figure 19. Global Location Analytics Software Revenue and Forecast (2016-2026) & (USD Million) Figure 20. Global Location Analytics Software Revenue Market Share by Region (2016-2026) Figure 21. Global Location Analytics Software Revenue Market Share by Region in 2020 Figure 22. North America Location Analytics Software Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2026) Figure 23. Europe Location Analytics Software Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2026) Figure 24. Asia-Pacific Location Analytics Software Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2026) Figure 25. South America Location Analytics Software Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2026) Figure 26. Middle East and Africa Location Analytics Software Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2026) Figure 27. Location Analytics Software Market Drivers Figure 28. Location Analytics Software Market Restraints Figure 29. Location Analytics Software Market Trends Figure 30. IBM Corporation Recent Developments and Future Plans Figure 31. Microsoft Corporation Recent Developments and Future Plans Figure 32. Cisco Systems, Inc. Recent Developments and Future Plans Figure 33. HP Enterprise Company Recent Developments and Future Plans Figure 34. Google Inc. Recent Developments and Future Plans Figure 35. Oracle Corporation Recent Developments and Future Plans Figure 36. SAP SE Recent Developments and Future Plans Figure 37. SAS Institute Inc. Recent Developments and Future Plans Figure 38. Global Location Analytics Software Revenue Share by Players in 2020 Figure 39. Location Analytics Software Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) Figure 40. Global Top 3 Players Location Analytics Software Revenue Market Share in 2020 Figure 41. Global Top 10 Players Location Analytics Software Revenue Market Share in 2020 Figure 42. Key Players Market Share Trend (Top 3 Market Share: 2019 VS 2020 VS 2021) Figure 43. Global Location Analytics Software Revenue Share by Type in 2020 Figure 44. Global Location Analytics Software Market Share Forecast by Type (2021-2026) Figure 45. Global Location Analytics Software Revenue Share by Application in 2020 Figure 46. Global Location Analytics Software Market Share Forecast by Application (2021-2026) Figure 47. North America Location Analytics Software Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2026) Figure 48. North America Location Analytics Software Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2026) Figure 49. North America Location Analytics Software Revenue Market Share by Country (2016-2026) Figure 50. United States Location Analytics Software Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million) Figure 51. Canada Location Analytics Software Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million) Figure 52. Mexico Location Analytics Software Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million) Figure 53. Europe Location Analytics Software Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2026) Figure 54. Europe Location Analytics Software Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2026) Figure 55. Europe Location Analytics Software Revenue Market Share by Country (2016-2026) Figure 56. Germany Location Analytics Software Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million) Figure 57. France Location Analytics Software Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million) Figure 58. United Kingdom Location Analytics Software Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million) Figure 59. Russia Location Analytics Software Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million) Figure 60. Italy Location Analytics Software Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million) Figure 61. Asia-Pacific Location Analytics Software Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2026) Figure 62. Asia-Pacific Location Analytics Software Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2026) Figure 63. Asia-Pacific Location Analytics Software Revenue Market Share by Region (2016-2026) Figure 64. China Location Analytics Software Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million) Figure 65. Japan Location Analytics Software Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million) Figure 66. South Korea Location Analytics Software Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million) Figure 67. India Location Analytics Software Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million) Figure 68. Southeast Asia Location Analytics Software Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million) Figure 69. Australia Location Analytics Software Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million) Figure 70. South America Location Analytics Software Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2026) Figure 71. South America Location Analytics Software Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2026) Figure 72. South America Location Analytics Software Revenue Market Share by Country (2016-2026) Figure 73. Brazil Location Analytics Software Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million) Figure 74. Argentina Location Analytics Software Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million) Figure 75. Middle East and Africa Location Analytics Software Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2026) Figure 76. Middle East and Africa Location Analytics Software Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2026) Figure 77. Middle East and Africa Location Analytics Software Revenue Market Share by Country (2016-2026) Figure 78. Turkey Location Analytics Software Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million) Figure 79. Saudi Arabia Location Analytics Software Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million) Figure 80. UAE Location Analytics Software Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million) Figure 81. Methodology Figure 82. Research Process and Data Source